![]() ![]() Parathyroid hormone (PTH): May be increased if kidney failure present.WBCs: May be increased, indicating infection/ septicemia.Hb/Hct: Abnormal if patient is severely dehydrated or polycythemia is present (encourages precipitation of solids), or patient is anemic ( hemorrhage, kidney dysfunction/failure).Serum chloride and bicarbonate levels: Elevation of chloride and decreased levels of bicarbonate suggest developing renal tubular acidosis.Serum and urine BUN/Cr: Abnormal (high in serum/low in urine) secondary to high obstructive stone in kidney causing ischemia/necrosis.Biochemical survey: Elevated levels of magnesium, calcium, uric acid, phosphates, protein, electrolytes.Urine culture: May reveal UTI ( Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas).Urine (24-hr): Cr, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, oxalate, or cystine may be elevated.Commonly shows RBCs, WBCs, crystals (cystine, uric acid, calcium oxalate), casts, minerals, bacteria, pus pH may be less than 5 (promotes cystine and uric acid stones) or higher than 7.5 (promotes magnesium, struvite, phosphate, or calcium phosphate stones). Urinalysis: Color may be yellow, dark brown, bloody.Chemical analysis is performed to determine stone composition.Blood chemistries and a 24hour urine test for measurement of calcium, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, pH, and total volume.Diagnosis is confirmed by xrays of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) or by ultrasonography, IV urography, or retrograde pyelography.Possible urosepsis if infection is present with stone.Urinary retention, if stone obstructs bladder neck.Symptoms of irritation associated with urinary tract infection and hematuria.Frequent desire to void, but little urine passed usually contains blood because of the abrasive action of the stone (known as ureteral colic). ![]()
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